1 Squadron Australian Flying Corps & RAAF
The first complete Unit of the Australian Flying Corps, No 1 Squadron formed at Point Cook Victoria in January 1916. Sailing for Egypt two months later the squadron was equipped on arrival with obsolete aircraft and allocated a reconnaissance and bombing role. Operating with these old and frail aircraft, engine failure often forced many of the squadron pilots to force land behind enemy lines. On 20 March 1917 Lieutenant Rutherford's aircraft was forced down behind enemy lines. Despite himself being severely wounded by anti-aircraft fire, Lieutenant McNamara landed his aircraft to rescue the downed pilot. Unfortunately, after collecting his colleague, McNamara's damaged aircraft crashed while taking off. Pursued by Turkish cavalry, the two aviators ran towards Rutherford's damaged aircraft. Despite severe blood loss and constant enemy fire, Lieutenant McNamara managed to start the aircraft and fly his colleague back to base. For his courage McNamara was later awarded the Victoria Cross - the only Victoria Cross awarded to an Australian airman during World War l. During the war, 1 Squadron was the home of many of the pioneers of Australian aviation. These included Lieutenant Wackett - a founding member of the Australian aircraft industry. Captain Smith - a brilliant aviator who, in 1919, would win the England-to-Australia air race. Lieutenant Fysh - one of the founders of QANTAS, and Captain Williams - regarded as the father of the Royal Australian Air Force. Shortly after the commencement of World War II, 1 Squadron moved to Malaya and whilst inflicting significant losses on the invading Japanese, the squadron's own losses mounted. After reforming in 1943, 1 Squadron moved to the Northern Territory from where its Beaufort bombers, continued their attacks on Japanese forces until January 1945, when the Squadron was re-equipped with Mosquito aircraft. It subsequently moved to Borneo where it operated from Labuan Island until after the war ended. Equipped with Lincoln bombers, 1 Squadron moved to Singapore in 1950 and for the next eight years pounded enemy hide outs in the Malayan jungles. At the end of the Malayan Emergency, 1 Squadron returned to Australia and converted to Canberra bombers. With these Australian-built jets, 1 Squadron participated in numerous exercises and deployments prior to converting to the Phantom in 1970. 1 Squadron received its first F111s in June 1973 and continues to operate these potent attack aircraft as Australia's primary defence deterrent. The Squadron was disbanded on 7 August 1946 and reformed in 1948.
2 Squadron Australian Flying Corps & RAAF
2 Squadron formed at Kantara Egypt, in September 1916 and following training in England began combat operations over the Western Front in October 1917. Flying at very low levels the Australian pilots wreaked havoc on the German troops, however, exposed to heavy ground fire squadron casualties were high. Lieutenant Huxley claimed 2 Squadron's - and indeed the AFC's - first aerial victory on 22 November, when he shot down an Albatross scout during a ground strafing mission. From 1917 until the end of the war, 2 Squadron worked in close co-operation with 4 Squadron and continued to inflict heavy losses on the Germans When Word War II was declared in 1939, 2 Squadron Avro Ansons were conducting coastal patrols and providing convoy escort to the ships carrying Australian troops to the Middle East. After deploying to the Dutch East Indies in 1941, reconnaissance and bombing operations were mounted against the advancing Japanese forces. In the face of attacks on its bases and heavy losses to enemy fighters, 2 Squadron maintained its offensive efforts for the remainder of the war, providing vital information on Japanese shipping movements. In recognition of 2 Squadrons heroic stand in this, Australia's darkest hour, the Unit was later awarded a United States Presidential Unit Citation - the highest honour that can be bestowed on a combat unit by the United States government. In 1958, 2 Squadron moved to Butterworth on Malaya's East Coast, providing vital security during the 1960's when tensions with Indonesia and the newly independent Malaysia resulted in a period of "Confrontation" between Commonwealth and Indonesian forces. April 1967 saw 2 Squadron commence operations against Communist forces in Vietnam. Missions were flown both by day and night and 2 Squadron quickly established itself as the most effective bomber squadron in Vietnam. On its return to Australia in 1971, having flown nearly 12,000 operational sorties for the loss of only two aircraft, 2 Squadron was awarded the Republic Of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry and a United States Air Force Outstanding Unit Commendation. These two awards, combined with the Presidential Unit Citation awarded previously, give 2 Squadron the distinction as the most highly decorated squadron in the RAAF. After flying its last operational flight in July 1982 the Squadron was disbanded. The Squadron reformed at RAAF Base Williamtown on 18 January 2000, as the designated Airborne Early Warning and Control Squadron.
3 Squadron Australian Flying Corps & RAAF
Formed at Point Cook Victoria in September 1916, 3 Squadron moved to England for training before deploying to France the following year. Squadron aircraft were used for bombing and reconnaissance missions in support of British, Canadian and ANZAC forces and by the end of hostilities the unit was regarded as the best allied reconnaissance squadron of the war. One of the most unusual incidents of World War I occurred in December 1917 when a 3 Squadron RE8 was attacked by six Albatross scouts. After bringing down one enemy aircraft the gunner was mortally wounded by a bullet which passed through his chest before striking the pilot in the head, killing him instantly. Although damaged, the RE8 continued to fly by itself until it ran out of fuel and landed relatively intact in a snow drift some fifty miles from the scene of the combat. The Albatross bought down in this engagement was presented to Australia as a war trophy and is now on display at the Australian War Memorial, Canberra. 3 Squadron was involved in another unusual event on 21 April 1918 when two of its aircraft on a photographic mission were attacked by four German fighters led by Baron Von Richtofen - the famous Red Baron. Despite the fact that these German pilots were the elite of the German Air Service, they were driven off by the lumbering Australian reconnaissance machines. Looking for easier pickings the Red Baron made the mistake of descending to low level over the ANZAC Corps front line, where he was shot down and killed. The Barons body was subsequently recovered by 3 Squadron and buried with full military honours. The remains of his crimson red tri-plane was held in custody by 3 Squadron until it could be handed over to the authorities. Several components from the Red Barons aircraft are now on display at the RAAF Museum. After the commencement of World War II 3 Squadron sailed for Egypt, where despite being heavily outnumbered, provided air support to the 8th Army during the ebb and flow of the desert campaign. 3 Squadron later participated in the liberation of Italy and Yugoslavia where the Squadron was well regarded for its highly accurate attacks against enemy shipping. With a score of 217 enemy aircraft destroyed, 3 Squadron remains the highest scoring fighter squadron of the RAAF. After deploying to Malaya in 1958, 3 Squadron Sabers and later, Mirage jet fighters operated from the Butterworth air base as part of a five power defence arrangement. Following its return to Australia in 1986, 3 Squadron received its first Hornets and with these state of the art aircraft, the Squadron continues its role as one of the nations most vital defence assets.
4 Squadron Australian Flying Corps & RAAF
No 4 Squadron, Australian Flying Corps, formed at Point Cook Victoria in October 1916. After embarking for England to complete its training, the Squadron deployed to France in December 1917. From the outset, 4 Squadron aircraft regularly engaged the Red Barons elite 'Flying Circus' and, in spite of their lack of experience, quickly gained the ascendancy over the German squadron. During its brief war service, 4 Squadron destroyed some 128 enemy aircraft and spawned a total of eleven aces. The squadron's highest scoring airman was Captain Cobby who, in addition to shooting down twenty nine aircraft, also destroyed thirteen observation balloons. World War II saw 4 Squadron Wirraways deployed to Port Moresby in support of Australian troops in fighting in the New Guinea jungles. In their slow and vulnerable aircraft, losses from anti-aircraft were high, however, this never deterred the Wirraway crews from completing their assigned tasks. This aggressive spirit was exemplified by Pilot Officer Archer and his crewman, Sergeant Coulston who, whilst on a reconnaissance mission found themselves above a Japanese Zero fighter. Despite operating a vastly inferior aircraft, Pilot Officer Archer dived to the attack and shot down the enemy aircraft In June 1943, 4 Squadron received its first Boomerangs and continued to support Allied troops during the Cape Gloucester landings before moving to Moratai. No 4 Squadron ended the War in Borneo and returned to Australia in November 1945, where it was renamed 3 Squadron - thus closing the chapter on a very distinguished and proud unit.
5 Squadron Australian Flying Corps & RAAF
No 5 Squadron formed in England in September 1917 and although the Squadron did not see any action during the war it provided vital training for fighter pilots prior to their postings to operational squadrons. Between the Wars, equipped with Walrus amphibian aircraft, 5 Squadron operated from RAN cruisers, providing the Navy with a reconnaissance and artillery spotting capability. 5 Squadron received its first Australian built Boomerangs mid way through World War II, deploying to Bougainville Island in November 1944. Flying artillery spotting and reconnaissance operations the squadron also provided close support missions in support of Australian troops. Often this involved identifying Japanese positions and then acting as lead aircraft for Corsair attack runs. Following the War 5 Squadron disbanded, but reformed 18 years later to serve in Malaysia. The squadron's Iroquois helicopters were used for troop insertion and extractions, resupply operations and medical evacuations during the Malaysian/Indonesian "Confrontation". After returning to Australia, 5 Squadron was heavily committed to providing training for infantry battalions prior to their departure for Vietnam. No 5 Squadron helicopters were also used extensively in flood relief work, searches for lost civilians and providing search and rescue capabilities at a number of defence bases. In July 1976 four helicopters, maintenance personnel and aircrews were deployed to Ismailia, Egypt for service with a United Nations peace keeping force. With the new French built Squirrels and the ubiquitous Iroquois - which soldiered on in the army support role - 5 Squadron continued its activities until December 1989 when it disbanded and was absorbed into the Australian Defence Force Helicopter Training School.
6 Squadron Australian Flying Corps & RAAF
No 6 Squadron formed in England in September 1917, providing vital training for Australian fighter pilots prior to their posting to the Western Front. With the outbreak of World War II, 6 Squadron began flying anti-submarine and general reconnaissance patrols off the east coast of Australia. In August 1942, Squadron Hudsons deployed to Milne Bay to provide reconnaissance and bomber support in defence of the Australian garrison. During the Japanese invasion of Milne Bay, 6 Squadron crews flew constant bombing and strafing missions against troops positions, landing barges, and ships. These attacks, which complemented those of two RAAF Kittyhawk squadrons, were particularly damaging and resulted in considerable losses to the enemy. Based at Port Moresby, the Hudsons began to drop vital supplies to Australian troops fighting their way along the infamous Kokoda Trail. Although not an ideal aircraft for this task, over 23 tonnes of supplies were delivered under extremely hazardous conditions. During a reconnaissance mission a Hudson was attacked by six Japanese fighters, and in a remarkable engagement, the slow and poorly armed bomber destroyed two of the fighters, and drove off the other four. After being equipped with Lincoln bombers in 1948, 6 squadron provided training for 1 and 2 Squadrons aircrews throughout the 1950's. During this period, the Lincolns also participated in the British atomic bomb tests at Maralinga before being replaced with Canberra jet bombers. In the early 1970's, 6 Squadron operated F4 Phantom's on lease from the United States Air Force, which were in turn replaced by General Dynamics FIII's in 1973. 6 Squadron continues to operate and maintain these formidable aircraft and with constant updates the F111 will continue its role as Australia's first line of defence.
7 Squadron Australian Flying Corps & RAAF
Formed in England in the last year of World War I, No 7 Squadron was responsible for training reconnaissance aircrew for No 3 Squadron. World War II saw 7 Squadron Hudsons flying anti submarine patrols and convoy escorts off Australia's east coast. After being re-equipped with Beauforts, 7 Squadron moved to the Northern Territory, from where it conducted patrols over Australia's northern waters. Although these patrols were generally uneventful, squadron histories during this period record a successful attack on a Japanese submarine as well as the destruction of a number of Japanese "Jake" float planes. After moving to New Guinea in October 1944, 7 Squadron began attacks against Japanese positions as well as ferrying supplies to remote Australian forces. In November 1944, 7 Squadron Beauforts participated in the rescue of an American aircrew trapped behind Japanese lines. The Squadron provided cover for a Catalina flying boat and performed its role of suppressing enemy fire so effectively, that the crew were rescued without a single enemy shot being directed at them. No 7 Squadron flew its last mission of the War on the 15 August 1945 when, hours before Japan's surrender, twelve aircraft struck targets in the Maprik area.
8 Squadron Australian Flying Corps & RAAF
No 8 Squadron formed in England in October 1917, to train pilots for Australian Flying Corps squadrons on the Western Front. The day of Japan's entry to World War II found 8 Squadron in the process of relocating to Kuantan, Malaya. Twelve Hudsons were immediately dispatched to attack the Japanese invasion forces at Kota Bahru, and despite strong fighter opposition and anti aircraft fire, made effective attacks against Japanese troops and landing barges. After firmly establishing their bridgehead, Japanese aircraft destroyed the base at Kuantan, forcing 8 Squadron to withdraw to Singapore. On the 27 January 1942, 8 Squadron moved to Java where it continued to conduct vital reconnaissance and attack missions even after the Japanese invaded the island. With aircraft numbers dwindling, 8 Squadron was evacuated to Australia at the end of February. In March 1943, the Squadron was reequipped with Australian built Beauforts and moved to Goodenough Island where it began torpedo operations in addition to its bombing roles. 8 Squadron later operated from bases in Nadzab and Tadji, where the Beauforts supported the Australian offensive against Wewak. After the Japanese surrender, 8 Squadron remained at Tadji until its disbandment in January 1946.
9 Squadron RAAF
No 9 Squadron was formed in January 1939 at Point Cook Victoria from No 5 Fleet Co-operation Squadron. The Units Seagull V amphibious aircraft - commonly referred to as the Walrus - were designed to be embarked on Royal Australian Navy cruisers to provide reconnaissance, anti-submarine and artillery spotting for the Navy. After the declaration of war in September, several Walruses and their crews - embarked with their Australian cruisers - found themselves in the Mediterranean where they continued serve until early 1942. With the entry of Japan into the War in December 1942, the Australian cruisers returned to the Pacific theatre where they could play a direct role in the defence of Australia. During the War 9 Squadron personnel invariably suffered the same fate as the ships in which they were embarked. In a night action off Guadalcanal on 8 August 1942, five Squadron personnel were killed and a further two wounded when HMAS "Canberra" was sunk. Similarly, when HMAS "Sydney" was lost with all hands in an action on 19 November 1941, six squadron members were among those killed. Another five personnel died on 1 March 1942 when HMAS "Perth" was sunk in the Sundra Strait. 9 Squadron's combat record continued with its deployment to Vietnam in 1966. Equipped with Iroquois helicopters the unit provided essential support for Australian and New Zealand forces. In late 1967, 9 Squadron was re-equipped with the more capable "D" and "H" models and, for the first time, Royal New Zealand Air Force and Royal Australian Navy pilots joined the Unit. In order to provide vital suppression fire during the "hot" extraction of troops under fire, a number of 9 Squadron Iroquois were converted into attack helicopters or "gunships". These helicopters often came under enemy fire and on several occasions gunships were either shot down or badly damaged. In early 1982, eight Iroquois and a contingent of personnel deployed to the Middle East on peace keeping duties as part of the Multi-National Force and Observers - a commitment which was maintained until 1986. In February 1988, 9 Squadron began to re-equip with Blackhawk S-70A helicopters, but after conversion training had been completed the Unit moved to Townsville where it disbanded on 14 February 1989. The Squadron's personnel and helicopters were then used to form the nucleus of the Army's 5th Aviation Regiment.
10 Squadron RAAF
Immediately after forming at Point Cook Victoria in July 1939, 10 Squadron aircrew and ground staff departed for England to gain experience on Sunderland flying boats before ferrying them back to Australia. After war was declared, however, the Squadron remained in England on active service with RAF Coastal Command, becoming the first Dominion squadron to go into action in World War II. The Unit's main tasks included convoy escorts, anti submarine patrols and air sea rescue work, and in July 1940, Flight Lieutenant Bill Gibson's crew gained the distinction of sinking the first submarine destroyed by the Squadron. Operations continued into 1942 and 1943 with occasional attacks against U Boats and regular encounters with German fighter aircraft. As result of armament modifications by 10 Squadron personnel - including the addition of galley hatch and wing mounted machine guns - the Sunderlands came to be regarded as the 'flying porcupines' by German aircrew. In the month of February 1944, 10 Squadron accomplished a Coastal Command record by flying over 1100 hours - this remarkable rate of effort was only achieved through the dedicated efforts of aircrew and ground staff. Anti-submarine patrols continued throughout 1944 and by the end of hostilities, 10 Squadron had destroyed six submarines and became the only RAAF squadron to see continuous active service throughout the war. Based at Townsville in March 1949 and equipped with Lincoln's, 10 Squadron patrolled Australia's northern waters and much of the Pacific Ocean - a massive area representing about one tenth of the world's surface. From March 1962, 10 Squadron continued its operations with American built Neptunes - a much more capable anti-submarine aircraft than the modified Lincolns. After moving to Edinburgh in 1978, 10 Squadron was re-equipped with Lockheed Orions. With the addition of the potent Harpoon missile to the Orions armory, the units capability now includes an anti-shipping role, and along with the Orions of 11 Squadron, 10 Squadron provides Australia with its maritime and anti submarine protection.
11 Squadron RAAF
Formed at Port Moresby New Guinea in March 1939 with Empire flying boats and Seagull amphibians, 11 squadron's first role was to monitor Japanese shipping movements in the region. After Japans entry in the War, 11 Squadron was re-equipped with Catalina flying boats and despite having to operate out of remote bases throughout the region, the squadron sustained a very high rate of operations. Throughout the War, the Catalinas flew long range patrols of up to twenty hours, often involved night bombing attacks on Japanese island strongholds. As the Japanese maintained their southward thrust, 11 squadron aircraft evacuated military personnel and civilians caught in the path of the advancing enemy. By February 1942, Port Moresby itself came under attack and the destruction of several flying boats on the water forced a withdrawal to northern Australia where operations continued uninterrupted. On the night of 2 March 1943, Catalinas staging through Milne Bay, shadowed a large Japanese convoy during the Battle of the Bismarck Sea. The next day, the convoy was almost completely destroyed in one of the decisive actions of the South West Pacific campaign. April 1943 saw a mixed formation of 11 and 20 Squadron Catalinas carry out the RAAF's first mine laying operation when magnetic mines were successfully laid near Kaiving. This mission marked the commencement of a highly successful mining campaign which was responsible for the sinking of many ships, the disruption of maritime trade and the closure of ports. In one operation 11 Squadron participated in a mine laying mission to Manila Bay - the Catalinas flew over 14,500 kilometers - making this operation the RAAF's longest of the war. After the war, 11 Squadron was re-equipped with Lincoln's, and deployed to Western Australia to conduct maritime patrols over the Indian Ocean. Lincoln operations were short-lived however, as 11 Squadron began receiving its first Neptunes the following year. In February 1957, three 11 squadron Neptunes participated in "Operation Westbound" - the RAAF's first around the world flight. The Squadron moved to South Australia in January 1968, re-equipping with P3-B Orions later that year. The "B" model Orions provided sterling service until their replacement with P3-C Orions in 1986. With these aircraft 11 Squadron continues to provide Australia with an invaluable long range anti-shipping and anti-submarine capability.
12 Squadron RAAF
In February 1939, 12 Squadron formed at Laverton Victoria and within five months relocated to Darwin - becoming the first RAAF squadron permanently based in the Northern Territory. In September of that year, 12 Squadron received its first Wirraways, which in conjunction with the squadrons Ansons, provided reconnaissance patrols along Australia's northern coastline. Following Japan's entry to the War reconnaissance patrols intensified. Fortunately the squadron's aircraft were dispersed on several airfields when the Japanese launched two massive air attacks against Darwin in February 1942. 12 Squadron lost two Wirraways on the ground and a considerable quantity of technical equipment and stores when its new hanger was gutted by fire. Following these raids, 12 Squadron was kept busy dropping supplies to survivors stranded when their ships were sunk by the Japanese. As the threat of invasion appeared imminent, 12 Squadron concentrated their maritime and anti-submarine patrols to the north of Darwin harbour. After being re-equipped with Vultee Vengeance dive bombers 12 Squadron moved to Marauke on Dutch New Guinea, flying anti-submarine submarine patrols and convoy escort. In mid 1944 12 Squadron moved to Queensland and commenced re-arming with Liberator heavy bombers. Following its return to Darwin in 1945, the squadron resumed its strikes against enemy shipping around Timor and in the Banda and Arafura Seas. After Japans surrender, 12 Squadron dropped supplies of medicine and food to Allied POWs throughout the Dutch East Indies - the Liberators were also used to repatriate many of these unfortunate individuals to Australia. 12 Squadron was based at Amberley in 1974 when it received the first of 12 twin rotor Chinook medium lift helicopters. The versatility of the Chinooks ensured that their tasks were varied to say the least. They were regularly used in Army exercises, lifting artillery pieces and carrying troops. Civil aid activities also accounted for much of the Chinooks' flying effort, including numerous air-sea rescues and the delivery of fodder to livestock stranded by flood waters. Following the introduction of the Blackhawk helicopter - which was expected to fulfill some of the Chinook's roles - 12 Squadron was disbanded on 25 August 1989.
13 Squadron RAAF
June 1940 saw 13 Squadron form at Darwin in the Northern Territory with personnel detached from No 12 Squadron. The unit soon took delivery of Hudsons and began reconnaissance and shipping patrols across Northern Australia. At the commencement of hostilities with Japan, 13 Squadron was divided, with a flight of six Hudsons already at Laha on Ambon and another six at Namlea in the Dutch East Indies. By January 1942, Laha and Namlea were under frequent attack, firstly by Japanese flying boats and later by land based aircraft. Despite an almost total lack of fighter and anti-aircraft defences, operations continued with some success in spite of continued heavy losses to enemy fighters. The first weeks of February saw the few surviving Hudsons return to Darwin where they continued their vital reconnaissance flights and bombing missions. The first Japanese air raid on Darwin on 19 February destroyed the Unit's headquarters and vital stores, resulting in a partial withdrawal to Daly Waters. For its part in these critical operations against overwhelming odds, 13 Squadron was later awarded the United States Presidential Unit Citation - an honour bestowed on only two RAAF units - 13 and 2 Squadron. Throughout 1942, 13 Squadron continued striking targets in Timor and the East Indies, as well as conducting reconnaissance and search missions. On 10 August, the squadrons Hudsons conducted a very successful shipping strike off the South Coast of Timor, sinking two Japanese ships and damaging a third. After being re-equipped with Venturas in June 1944, 13 Squadron completed a succession of moves before finally being based at Gove in the Northern Territory. From here the Venturas flew regular anti-submarine patrols and bombing strikes around Timor and the Dutch East Indies. After Japan's surrender the squadron evacuated POWs from enemy held areas before disbanding on 11 January 1946. As a non-flying RAAF Reserve unit, 13 Squadron reformed at Darwin on 1 July 1989. The following year, 13 Squadron was finally presented with the Presidential Unit Citation which it had been awarded forty eight years previously.
14 Squadron RAAF
On 6 February 1939, 14 Squadron formed at Pearce, Western Australia. Initially equipped with Avro Ansons, the Squadron, spent the lead up to World War II engaged in navigational night flying training and exercises conducted in co-operation with the Army. After the outbreak of hostilities, 14 Squadron began seaward reconnaissance flights and anti-submarine patrols prior to being re-equipped with Hudson's in mid-1940. On 3 March 1942, 14 Squadron had its only real encounter with the enemy, when a Hudson was destroyed on the ground at Broome by Japanese fighters. By late 1942, 14 Squadron was re-equipped with Australian-built Beauforts and continued its maritime patrols off Australia's west coast. This unspectacular but nonetheless vital work was carried out until the end of the War, when the squadron was disbanded.
15 Squadron RAAF
Equipped with Beauforts, No 15 Squadron formed at Camden New South Wales on 27 January 1944. The Unit operated in the anti-submarine and convoy escort role off Australia's East Coast for most of its short history. In April 1945, a detachment of 15 Squadron aircraft deployed to Tadji, joining other Beaufort Squadrons attacking targets around Wewak. Operating at the end of a tenuous supply line which forced the squadron, at times to utilize captured Japanese bombs, the Beauforts undertook a series of very accurate strikes against Japanese positions. Other missions during this period saw the squadron flying frequent reconnaissance and anti-submarine operations, as well as search and rescue missions. These rescue missions, often involved the units Beauforts providing suppression fire, enabling Catalina flying boats to land and rescue downed aircrew. While active operations were being undertaken by the New Guinea detachment, other detachments were operating from Cairns and Townsville, carrying out reconnaissance and anti-submarine operations off the Queensland coast. Following the War, 15 Squadron moved to Kingaroy where it disbanded on 23 March 1946.
18 Squadron RAAF
One of the RAAF's most unusual units, 18 Squadron formed at Fairbairn in the Australian Capital Territory on 4 April 1942. The commanding officer was a Dutch national, while the remainder of the squadron's complement was a mix of Netherlands East Indies citizens and Australians. Allocated a bomber role, most of the Mitchell bombers were captained by Dutch pilots, with Australians and Dutch nationals making up the remaining aircrew. On 6 July 1942, 18 Squadron was officially deleted as a unit of the RAAF and became part of the Netherlands East Indies Forces. The Squadron moved to the Darwin area in January 1943 and, under the operational control of RAAF Command, continued its attacks and anti-shipping strikes throughout the Netherlands East Indies. After the War, RAAF personnel were withdrawn from 18 Squadron, which moved back to the East Indies and was later absorbed by the Indonesian Air Force.
21 Squadron RAAF
As an element of the Citizen Air Force, 21 Squadron formed at Laverton in April 1936. In September 1939, 21 Squadron mobilized for war and after re-equipping with Wirraways the squadron began training in co-operation with the Army. The Squadron moved to Singapore in August 1940 and 12 months later were re-equipped with Brewster Buffalo fighters. With its new aircraft, 21 Squadron moved to the Malayan mainland where it became the only fighter squadron on the Malayan mainland when the Japanese attacked The squadron's base at Sungai Pattani was repeatedly bombed by Japanese aircraft and several Buffaloes were destroyed or damaged. After unsuccessful attempts to intercept enemy bomber and fighter formations, 21 Squadron vacated Sungai Pattani and withdrew along the Malay peninsula under constant Japanese attacks. Reserves of Buffaloes were soon exhausted and by January 1942, the few remaining 21 Squadron aircraft were transferred to 453 Squadron. Unit personnel were then evacuated through Sumatra and Java, finally arriving in Australia in March 1942. Re-equipped with Vengeance dive bombers in September 1943, 21 Squadron was deployed to New Guinea in January 1944. Combat operations began almost immediately and over succeeding days airfields, barges and Japanese infantry positions came under very accurate attack from the Squadron's dive bombers. Unfortunately, after just two weeks, the Vengeance's were withdrawn from combat operations and the Squadron was re-located to Camden, New South Wales. In July 1944 the squadron converted to Liberator heavy bombers and resumed operations from its base in Northern Australia. Flying armed reconnaissance sorties, the squadron participated in a number of attacks on Japanese convoys in the last days of the War. Following Japan's surrender, 21 Squadron Liberators were used to ferry personnel to Australia. On 2 June 1960, 21 Squadron ceased operations as a flying squadron, however, the unit continues as a reserve squadron at Laverton providing RAAF Reserve support for the Melbourne region.
22 Squadron RAAF
No 22 Squadron formed at Richmond New South Wales in April 1936 and as a Citizen Air Force unit, its complement consisted of two thirds reserve personnel and one third permanent members. Following the outbreak of WWII, 22 Squadron was mobilized and began anti submarine and convoy escort patrols off the east coast. By December 1941, the Unit was re-equipped with Australian-built Wirraways, however four months later the squadron converted to American-built Boston attack bombers. In October 1942, 22 Squadron moved to New Guinea and begun flying air support for Australian troops defending Port Moresby. In March 1943, the Squadron played an important part in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea by attacking and neutralizing the Japanese base at Lae. The Bostons also participated in a low level skip bombing attack on the Japanese convoy in which four destroyers and eight transport ships were sunk. Two weeks later, six Bostons attacked the newly constructed oil storage facility at Salamaua. Flying through heavy anti-aircraft fire, Flight Lieutenant Newtons crew destroyed two oil tanks before their aircraft was rocked by explosions. Hit by no less than four anti aircraft shells, the Boston suffered extensive damage, yet despite its battered condition, Newton bought his crippled aircraft back to base and managed to land without injury to his crew. For this heroic action Flight Lieutenant Newton was later awarded the Victoria Cross - the highest gallantry award available to a member of the British Commonwealth, and the only such award made to a member of the RAAF in the Pacific theatre. Sadly two weeks later, Newtons aircraft was shot down, and although surviving the crash, Flight Lieutenant Newton and another crew member were captured by the Japanese and executed. Over the next two years the Bostons attacked targets throughout the South West Pacific, however, the Unit was dealt a severe blow in November 1944, when a Japanese air raid destroyed eleven Bostons at the base on Morotai Island. Operations were severely curtailed until the Unit was re-equipped with Australian built Beaufighters in January 1945. Combat operations continued up until the end of hostilities, when 22 Squadron returned to Australia at the end of 1945, disbanding some eight months later. After reforming as a Reserve unit in 1948, the squadron continues to provide support for Permanent Air Force activities in the Sydney region.
23 Squadron RAAF
Equipped with Avro Ansons, No 23 Squadron formed as a Citizen Air Force unit at Laverton Victoria in May 1938. The Unit was reformed at Richmond New South Wales, and after being equipped with Wirraways and Hudsons, began reconnaissance and anti-submarine patrols off the east coast of Australia. 23 Squadron moved to Queensland in May 1943 and soon received an allocation of P39 Airacobra fighters. With the departure of the Hudsons, the Squadron's order of battle now stood at six Airacobras and eighteen Wirraways. By June the Squadron was again re-equipped, this time with Vultee Vengeance dive bombers. After a period familiarisation with the new aircraft, the unit began combat operations in February 1944, when the Vengeance's struck targets around Saidor in support of American ground forces. Operations continued throughout the month, and despite the unit delivering its strikes with great accuracy, 23 Squadron along with other RAAF Vengeance squadrons, was withdrawn to the Australian mainland. On its return to Australia the squadron was reduced to a cadre unit pending the allocation of Liberator heavy bombers. 23 Squadron Liberators deployed to the Northern Territory in April 1945, and from here the squadron carried out reconnaissance and anti-shipping operations until the end of the War. On 10 May, a very successful strike was conducted when six Liberators struck the Flores Islands, destroying and a number of vessels and extensively damaging Japanese facilities. Another successful raid occurred on 2 June when the Liberators destroyed four camouflaged Japanese aircraft at Cape Chater airfield on Timor. After Japan's surrender the squadron participated in supply drops to Allied POWs still in Japanese hands before evacuating these POWs to Australia. In April 1948, 23 Squadron reformed as a Citizen Air Force squadron, and continues to provide support for Permanent Air Force activities in the Brisbane region.
24 Squadron RAAF
Formed at Amberley Queensland in June 1940, 24 Squadron moved to Townsville in October and began maritime patrols off the Australian east coast, until the unit was deployed to New Britain in December 1941. As Japanese forces advanced, the base at Rabaul soon came under constant attack. On the 20 February 1942 over one hundred Japanese aircraft struck the island. 24 squadron Wirraways took off to intercept the raiders but were immediately attacked by a large force of "Zero" fighters. Against such odds no effective defence could be offered - three Wirraways were shot down, two crash landed and another was damaged. With only two Wirraways and one Hudson remaining, the sick and wounded were evacuated, while the remainder of the Squadron's personnel trekked through dense jungle until their eventual rescue by Empire flying boats. In July, 24 Squadron moved to Bankstown New South Wales where it operated an assortment of aircraft, including Airacobra and Buffalo fighters, Wirraways and Vengeance dive bombers. By August 1943, the Unit had standardised with Vengeance's and was soon deployed to New Guinea, where dive bomber operations commenced from Nadzab. Accurate attacks were made against enemy occupied towns and on Japanese positions at Shaggy Ridge. The Vengeance's also supported the Cape Gloucester landings before being withdrawn to Australia in March 1944. After re-equipping with Liberator heavy bombers 24 Squadron moved to the Northern Territory and commenced anti-shipping strikes, armed reconnaissance missions and bomber attacks against enemy occupied territory. Strikes, particularly against Balikpapan, continued until Japan's surrender in August. After the war 24 Squadron Liberators were used to ferry POW's and other personnel from Moratai to Australia. 24 Squadron reformed in South Australia in 1951 as a Reserve fighter squadron to train cadet pilots. The unit fulfilled this role until June 1960, when flying operations ceased. Shortly after, 24 Squadron moved to RAAF Base Edinburgh where it continues to provide support for Permanent Air Force activities in the Adelaide area.
25 Squadron RAAF
In January 1939, 25 Squadron formed in Western Australia, providing support for both the Army and Navy as well as cadet pilot training for the RAAF. After war was declared, all reserve personnel were mobilised and the unit was allocated Australian built Wirraways. Following Japan's entry to the war, 23 Squadron received a small number of Buffaloes, and with these obsolescent aircraft, the unit was charged with the air defence of Perth. By August 1943 the Squadron was re-equipped with Vengeance dive bombers and began air support exercises with Army units. In January 1945, 25 Squadron was re-equipped with Liberator heavy bombers, and flew its first bombing mission two months later. For the remainder of the war, 25 Squadron flew long range missions against Japanese shipping and base facilities in the Dutch East Indies. In the months following the end of hostilities, 25 Squadron aircraft evacuated POWs to Australia until the unit was disbanded in July 1946. 25 Squadron was reformed as a Citizen Air Force unit at Pearce in April 1948. The Units role was to train cadet pilots and, after receiving Vampire jets, the squadron was also responsible for maintaining a fighter presence in Australia's West. In 1998, the Squadron split into two units. The reformed 79 Squadron, equipped with Macchis, continued to fly. The reserve element remained as 25 Squadron.
30 Squadron RAAF
Formed at Richmond New South Wales in March 1942, No 30 Squadron was quickly deployed to New Guinea, becoming the first RAAF Beaufighter squadron to see action in the Pacific Theatre. The Beaufighter, with its heavy cannon and machine gun armament, proved particularly effective against Japanese shipping and troop barges. During the Battle of the Bismarck Sea - one of the decisive engagements of the Pacific Theatre - 30 Squadron Beaufighters flying at mast height, provided suppressive fire for following waves of allied bombers. The Japanese, under the mistaken impression that they were under torpedo attack, made a disastrous tactical error and turned their ships towards the Beaufighters, leaving them exposed to attack by American and Australian bombers. Eight troop laden transports and four destroyers were sunk in this battle for the loss of five aircraft, including one Beaufighter. The day after this battle 30 Squadron attacked the Japanese base at Lae. Catching the base defenders unprepared, the Beaufighters destroyed six Zeros on the ground and extensively damaged base facilities. Throughout the war, 30 Squadron Beaufighters ranged far and wide, attacking targets in the Celebes, Ambon, Ceram and the Halmaheras. Operating at low level - Beaufighter crews had little chance to escape if their aircraft was crippled - consequently high crew losses were to remain a hazard of Beaufighter operations throughout the War. After the War, 30 Squadron undertook Target Towing and Special Duties at various bases throughout New South Wales, until the unit was disbanded in 1956. Equipped with Bloodhound surface-to-air missiles, 30 Squadron reformed at Williamtown New South Wales in January 1961. The role of the newly formed missile squadron was to provide high level air defence for Australian military bases and industrial centers. A permanent detachment was based in the Northern Territory in 1965. Until its disbandment in 1968, 30 Squadron had the distinction of being the RAAF's only surface-to-air missile unit.
31 Squadron RAAF
Equipped with Beaufighters, 31 Squadron formed at Wagga New South Wales in August, deploying to the Northern Territory three months later. Operating at low level, Beaufighter attacks often caught the enemy by surprise as demonstrated when a formation of 31 Squadron Beaufighters caught forty Japanese fighters and bombers on the ground at Penfoei. Surprise was complete and eighteen aircraft were destroyed for no loss. Another successful strike was made against Penfoei airfield in February 1943 when twelve aircraft were destroyed and ten damaged despite strong fighter opposition and heavy anti-aircraft fire. Soon after this operation, 31 Squadron concentrated its efforts on destroying an important Japanese reconnaissance base at Taberfane in the Aru Islands. The first operation was flown on 6 May when five Beaufighters destroyed nine enemy aircraft on the water. On 4 June, four Beaufighters were engaged over Tabufane by nine floatplanes, resulting in three enemy aircraft shot down for no loss. A week later, the Squadron destroyed seven floatplanes on the water and severely damaged another two. Successful attacks against this base continued despite increased anti-aircraft defences until eventually, the Japanese were unable to sustain their losses and evacuated Taberfane. By the end of the war, 31 Squadron had destroyed 54 aircraft and nine ships, and seriously damaged a further four ships. The Beaufighter's armament was steadily upgraded during the war, firstly with the addition of underwing bombs and later, wing mounted rockets were installed. The Squadron impressive wartime achievements came to an end in July 1946 when the unit was disbanded.
32 Squadron RAAF
Hastily formed at Port Moresby in February 1942 with personnel drawn from other Units, 32 Squadron commenced reconnaissance and bomber operations from the very day of its formation. In the face of advancing Japanese forces, 32 Squadron Hudsons covered vast tracks of ocean searching for enemy shipping. Encounters with Japanese fighters saw with many aircraft returning to base with wounded and dead crewmen on board. Port Moresby soon came under regular air attack and on the 24 February Japanese bombers struck, demolishing much of the Unit's camp, and destroying one aircraft on the ground. Despite this, operations continued unabated, and on 7 March the squadron attacked a Japanese convoy leaving an 8,000 ton transport ship ablaze and listing heavily. Two months later, a 32 Squadron crew located a Japanese aircraft carrier and other warships - information which proved to be of great value to Allied commanders during the Battle of the Coral Sea. In the critical ground campaign now being fought in New Guinea, 32 Squadron, already heavily committed to reconnaissance and attack operations, began hazardous supply drops to Australian troops. This aerial re-supply was to have a direct bearing on the eventual success of the campaign. 32 squadron Hudsons also played an important part in the Battle for Milne Bay - when a reconnaissance mission successfully located Japanese invasion barges in the vicinity of Goodenough Island. These vessels were subsequently destroyed by Australian Kittyhawk fighters. In September 1942 the squadron was withdrawn to Southern Australia and was re-equipped with Australian built Beauforts the following year. 32 Squadron spent the remainder of the war patrolling off Australia's east coast, until the unit was disbanded in November 1945. Equipped with HS748 aircraft, 32 Squadron reformed at East Sale on 1 July 1989 and today operates in support of the School of Air Navigation and in the transport role.
33 Squadron RAAF
Initially equipped with Empire flying boats, 33 Squadron formed at Townsville in February 1942. Shortly after, the squadrons inventory was supplemented with a variety of lighter aircraft including Dragons, Ansons, Tiger Moths and Vigilants. After moving to Port Moresby in January 1943, 33 Squadron was heavily involved in airlifting vital supplies to Australian forces in the jungles of New Guinea. Many freight runs to Myola and Kokoda were made - where even the diminutive Tiger Moths were pressed into service, delivering 77 kilograms of cargo each trip! In October 1943, 33 Squadron was re-equipped with Dakotas and operated this type on transport duties until the end of the war. After Japan's surrender, 33 Squadron ferried POWs and Allied troops from their remote locations back to Australia, before disbanding in May 1946. On 1 July 1983, 33 Squadron was re-established as a strategic transport squadron based at Richmond. Equipped with Boeing 707s, the Squadrons role also included VIP transport and air-to-air refueling for the RAAF's FA-18 Hornets. Aside from its VIP tasks, 33 Squadron has undertaken many important operations since reforming. Until the RAAF withdrew its fighter presence from Butterworth in the late 1980s, regular transport flights were made to Malaysia. In 1989, 33 Squadron was involved in the deployment of Australian troops to Namibia for United Nations peace-keeping operations. With the recently announced planned purchase of modern transport jets - 33 Squadrons strategic transport and air to air refueling capability will be enhanced, enabling the Squadron to continue its role as a vital and unique link in Australia's defence strategy.
34 Squadron RAAF
Formed as a transport squadron in February 1942, 34 Squadron was composed of an assortment of aircraft including Dragons, Ansons and Tiger Moths. Operating from remote Northern Territory airfields, 34 Squadron continued its courier role until its disbandment in December 1942. Reforming in South Australia during January 1943, 34 Squadron was re-equipped with Dakotas four months later. The arrival of these robust and efficient aircraft allowed general freight and troop carrying operations to be extended throughout Australia, and into much of South East Asia. After Japan's surrender, 34 Squadron evacuated Australian POWs from Singapore and commenced courier flights to Japan in support of the Allied occupation of that country. In February 1946, 34 Squadron returned to Australia, disbanding at Richmond four months later. 34 Squadron was reformed in March 1948 as a VIP transport and reconnaissance unit, principally support of the various activities undertaken at the Woomera rocket range in South Australia. A new phase began for 34 Squadron in July 1959 when it was tasked with providing VIP transport for Australia's leading citizens and visiting dignitaries. As a VIP squadron the Unit has carried members of the Royal Family, foreign dignitaries, heads of state, the Australian governor-general and politicians. With its modern Falcon aircraft and an outstanding record for safety and efficiency, 34 Squadron continues to provide a high standard of special transport for the Australian government.
35 Squadron RAAF
After forming in March 1942, 35 Squadron operated an assortment of aircraft in support of its courier and supply operations in Western Australia. Based at Pearce in August 1943, the Squadron was reequipped with Dakota's, and with these new aircraft, operations were extended to Eastern Australia, New Guinea and the Pacific region. After Japan's surrender, 35 Squadron supported the movement of three RAAF fighter squadrons and various support units to Japan before disbanding in June 1946. On 1 June 1966, the RAAF Transport Flight in Vietnam was re-titled 35 Squadron. Equipped with the rugged Caribou aircraft, 35 Squadron flew from its home base at Vung Tau, operating cargo and passenger flights throughout South Vietnam. Paratrooping operations, in support of the South Vietnamese Army were also a feature of 35 Squadron's operations as were occasional night flare dropping missions. The Caribou's regularly operated at very low level and came under constant small arms fire from the ground. These hazardous flying conditions resulted in the loss of several aircraft and injuries to both passengers and aircrew. Even in the relative safety of their bases the Caribous were regular targets for small arms and mortar fire, which saw one Caribou destroyed on the ground during a mortar attack. 35 squadron returned to Australia in February 1971 - being the last RAAF unit to leave Vietnam. Four years after arriving back in Australia, the Squadron moved to Townsville Queensland, where the units Caribou's were joined by Iroquois helicopters. With this mixed fleet of aircraft, 35 Squadron undertook army tactical support tasks and civil aid operations, including search and rescue, medical evacuations and flood relief work. 35 Squadron continued its mixed rotary/fixed wing operations until December 1989, when the Iroquois were transferred to Army control. Currently, 35 Squadron operates eight Caribou, and continues to provide a very high standard of support to Army units based in Northern Australia.
36 Squadron RAAF
Formed at Laverton Victoria in March 1942, 36 Squadron was equipped with an assortment of aircraft including six DC2s, two De Havilland 86s, a Ford Tri Motor and various other types. After moving to Townsville in December 1942, the squadrons aircraft were gradually replaced with the ubiquitous DC3. Freight was continually flown to New Guinea and the first of several aircraft detachments to that combat zone commenced in 1943. These aircraft conveyed troops and freight to the forward bases, flying supply drops over difficult terrain in treacherous weather conditions. After the Japanese surrender a 36 Squadron detachment based at Moratai, began courier runs to Japan in support of the Australian component of the Commonwealth Occupation Force. Two years later, half of the Squadron's aircrew were sent to Europe to participate in the Berlin Airlift - flying supplies to the beleaguered city. In March 1953, 36 Squadron was based in Japan, carrying freight to and from Korea, evacuating casualties and providing a VIP transport capability for the United Nations Command. After the armistice in July, 36 Squadron remained in Japan supporting a continued United Nations presence in the Korean peninsula. After returning to Australia 36 Squadron soon took delivery of its first C130A Hercules - becoming the first Air Force outside the United States to operate the airlifter. One of its first missions with the new aircraft was the deployment and maintenance of 79 Squadron to Ubon, Thailand. In addition to its role as a strategic airlifter, the Hercules also proved highly suited to civil aid tasks such as fodder drops during floods, air sea rescue work and medical evacuations. With the escalating commitment of Australian forces in Vietnam during the mid 1960s, 36 Squadron found itself operating a regular courier service to and from that country, carrying troops and equipment, and evacuating wounded soldiers back to Australia. In 1978, after 20 years of sterling service the squadrons 'A' models were replaced with 'H' models. The Hercules continues to play a vital role in both the defence of this country and in supporting Australian interests abroad - such as the recent United Nations peace-keeping operations in Cambodia and Somalia.
37 Squadron RAAF
Equipped with Lodestar twin engined transports, 37 Squadron formed at Laverton Victoria in July 1943, flying regular courier runs in Australia and New Guinea. Some of the Squadrons runs saw the Lodestars flying journeys in excess of 11,000 kilometers to island bases in the South West Pacific. After re-equipping with Dakotas the squadron spent the immediate months following Japan's surrender conveying Australian troops and equipment from island bases throughout the Pacific back to Australia. By 1946, 37 Squadron was supporting the deployment and maintenance of British Commonwealth Occupation Force's in Japan. The squadron returned to Australia in 1949. After re-equipping with C130E Hercules in 1966, the Squadron began flying long-range transport missions in support of Australian force's in Vietnam. Apart from the usual troops and equipment, specially rigged Hercules crewed by aero-medical evacuation teams, conveyed wounded soldiers back to Australia. After the Vietnam War, 37 Squadron continued to fly throughout the region with regular ports of call in Malaysia, Singapore and New Zealand. Civil aid and humanitarian tasks have also played a major part in the Unit's operation - notably the squadrons role in the evacuation and supply of Cyclone devastated Darwin and the large scale movement of civilian's around Australia during a protracted dispute amongst domestic pilots.
38 Squadron RAAF
Formed in Richmond New South Wales in September 1943, 38 Squadron Hudsons transported supplies and passengers throughout Australia until their replacement with Dakotas eight months later. With these more capable aircraft, operations were extended into New Guinea and other localities in the South West Pacific. In the forward areas, hazardous low level supply dropping missions, were conducted in support of Australian troops, and in this role, the popular Dakotas became known as the "Biscuit Bombers" to the grateful Aussie diggers. Following the war, 38 Squadron participated in the Japan courier run - a thrice weekly service in support of the Australian component of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force. This arduous journey - a distance of some 20,000 kilometers - was extremely demanding and saw many crews being away home for extended periods. From late 1948, a large portion of 38 Squadrons aircrew strength was attached to the RAF in Europe to fly British Dakotas during the Berlin Airlift. Two years later the squadron deployed to Singapore for operations against Communist insurgents in Malaya, where it was again placed under the control of the RAF. Operations included supply drops, casualty evacuation and VIP transport, and extended as far afield as Ceylon, the Philippines, Korea and Japan. In November 1950, half of 38 Squadrons complement of Dakotas deployed to Korea and immediately began operations in support of United Nation forces. After returning to Australia in 1952, the Dakotas soldiered on for many years, until they were replaced by the Caribou in 1964. These new aircraft - with their remarkable short field take off and landing capability - were soon detached to Port Moresby - where the extremely demanding flying conditions provided the Caribou crews with an excellent opportunity to hone their flying skills. Another deployment commenced in March 1975, when a white painted Caribou was attached to a United Nations observer group monitoring the ceasefire between Pakistan and India. With its easy access rear loading door and the ability to operate from unimproved landing strips, the Caribou has proved extremely useful during civil disasters. 38 Squadron aircraft frequently assist in flood relief operations, including fodder drops to stranded cattle, as well as search and rescue missions and fisheries surveillance. On the military side, the Units operations encompass tactical supply missions, paratrooping and the delivery of stores into unprepared strips using the low altitude parachute extraction system. In December 1992, 38 Squadron moved to Amberley and where it continues to operate the venerable Caribou in support of the Australian Army.
40 Squadron RAAF
Equipped with six Sunderland flying boats 40 Squadron formed in Queensland on 31 March 1944. Initial operations saw the squadron operating between Townsville and New Guinea, ferrying supplies and passengers. In July 1944, 40 Squadron was relocated to Port Moresby, where it continued its transport duties to mainland Australia as well as other island destinations. During one mission in March 1945, a 40 Squadron Sunderland located survivors from a crashed Dakota. The Sunderland crew dropped a dingy and medical supplies to the survivors and remained on station to guide a naval trawler to pick up the Dakota's crew. By mid-1945, four Martin Mariner flying boats were added to the squadrons inventory, operating alongside the Sunderlands. With the cessation of hostilities, 40 Squadron repatriated Australian personnel to the mainland prior to moving to New South Wales in March 1946. Catalinas soon replaced the Mariners, however, operations were rapidly scaled down and on the 19 June 1946, 40 Squadron was disbanded.
41 Squadron RAAF
Formed at Townsville Queensland in August 1942, 41 Squadron operated Empire flying boats, carrying freight and passengers along Australia's east coast and New Guinea. June 1943 saw the first of six ex-Dutch Dornier flying boats allotted to 41 Squadron as replacements for the Empires. Although impressive in appearance, these three engined aircraft could only carry 908 kilograms of freight and were in very poor mechanical condition. Despite the tireless efforts of squadron ground staff, the serviceability rates for these aircraft remained poor. By February 1944, Martin Mariner flying boats arrived to supplement the Dorniers. These new aircraft, with their greater payload and performance quickly became the preferred aircraft, especially on the longer flights to Noumea, Espirito Santo and other island ports of call. Apart from its transport role the squadron also effected a number of search and rescue missions. By the end of the War the squadron had rescued over one hundred and fifty personnel from the waters of the Pacific. After briefly operating a daily service from Cairns to New Guinea, 41 Squadron was disbanded on 27 September 1945.
42 Squadron RAAF
Formed in the Northern Territory in June 1944, 42 Squadron was soon deployed to New Guinea. Operating from Melville Bay the Catalina's flew reconnaissance and escort missions, however by the end of the year, the squadron's role was concentrated on mine laying operations. The squadrons highly successful mine-laying campaign soon sealed off most of the Celebes from coast-hugging Japanese vessels. In October 1944, a 41 Squadron Catalina damaged by anti-aircraft fire, made a forced landing south of Japanese occupied Celebes. Flying through enemy held territory, a 41 Squadron Catalina, accompanied by B-24 Liberator, rescued the crew before destroying the downed Catalina to prevent its capture. A journey of nearly 2,500 kilometers through enemy airspace, this mission ranks as one of the epic sea rescues of the Pacific theatre. 42 Squadron's mine laying operations continued until the end of hostilities. Following the war, the Catalina's assisted in the repatriation of POWs and other personnel until November 1945, when the Squadron was disbanded.
60 Squadron RAAF
Formed at Wagga New South Wales in January 1942, 60 Squadron's three flights of Wirraways were soon relocated to nearby Cootamundra. Operational training for the squadron consisted of flight formation, high dive bombing and air to ground gunnery. In conjunction with another Squadron based at Wagga, 60 Squadron conducted air-defence exercises against the possibility of a Japanese air raid. 60 Squadron's existence was short, however, as the Unit was disbanded only three months after its formation.
66 Squadron RAAF
Equipped with Avro Ansons, 66 Squadron formed at Bundaberg Queensland in May 1943. The squadron conducted anti-submarine patrols and convoy escort missions off Australia's east coast for the remainder of the year. Although its operations were for the most part uneventful, 66 Squadron did achieve over 1000 operational flying hours before its disbandment in January 1944.
67 Squadron RAAF
67 Squadron formed at Laverton Victoria in January 1943, and spent the majority of its relatively short life operating from bases throughout Victoria and Southern New South Wales. Equipped with Avro Ansons, the squadron conducted anti-submarine patrols and convoy escort missions around Southern Australia for the remainder of the War. Although operations were mostly routine and uneventful, the minesweeper HMAS Orara was saved from possible attack when 67 Squadron Ansons dropped their bombs nearby, on what they believed to be a Japanese submarine. The previous day a small vessel was torpedoed and sunk in the same area in which HMAS Orara was operating. 67 Squadron was disbanded at Laverton in November 1945.
71 Squadron RAAF
71 Squadron, equipped with Ansons, formed at Lowood Queensland in January 1943. Operating from a number of bases along the east coast, the squadron conducted anti-submarine patrols and convoy escort missions off eastern Australia. Although few submarine sightings were made, an Anson did bomb a suspected Japanese submarine in March 1943, however, the crew was unable to confirm if this attack was successful. Other activities that were carried out before the Unit was disbanded in August 1944 include, a number of air sea rescue missions, and exercises conducted in co-operation with the army and navy.
73 Squadron RAAF
Equipped with Ansons, 73 Squadron formed at Cootamundra New South Wales in May 1942. The Squadron conducted anti submarine patrols and convoy escort missions off Australia's East Coast - operating from bases at Nowra, Camden and Coffs Harbour. By January 1944, 13 of the units Ansons had their gun turrets replaced with Air-to-Surface Radar. Operations by the squadron were routine and uneventful and by September 1944 73 Squadron had disbanded.
75 Squadron RAAF
Formed in Queensland in March 1942, 75 Squadron was to become one of the RAAF's most famous units. Equipped with American-built Kittyhawk fighters, and with only one weeks training, the Squadron flew to New Guinea. On the afternoon of their arrival two Kittyhawks shot down a Japanese bomber, while the next day saw the squadron destroy twelve enemy aircraft during an attack on Lae airfield. After this most successful beginning, 75 Squadron went on to extract a heavy toll on the Japanese. Continuous combat took its toll on both men and machine and after six weeks of fighting, a battle weary 75 Squadron - with just one serviceable Kittyhawk left - was relieved and returned to Australia. During its first forty four days of combat, 75 Squadron destroyed thirty four enemy aircraft and damaged a further forty four. Sadly, the Squadrons heroic defence of Port Moresby did come at a terrible price - twelve pilots were killed and many more wounded. A replenished 75 Squadron returned to New Guinea in August and joined with 76 Squadron in the defence of Milne Bay. Soon after their arrival, a Japanese invasion force steaming towards Milne Bay came under attack from Squadron Kittyhawks modified to carry bombs. Although a number of ships were damaged, the Japanese convoy sailed into Milne Bay on the 24 August, disembarking their troops before dawn. At first light, the Kittyhawks began shuttle attacks against landing barges, stores and troops. Despite torrential rain and appalling conditions ground personnel worked tirelessly to refuel and rearmed the Kittyhawks. Although Australian ground forces were contesting every yard, the enemy was soon so close, the Kittyhawks guns were firing before their undercarriages had retracted. Gradually the Australians gained the upper hand and when it became apparent to the Japanese that the battle was lost, Japanese ships under the relative protection of darkness, entered Milne Bay and embarked what troops and equipment they could. After playing its part in the first defeat of Japanese ground forces in the Pacific War, 75 Squadron - operating from a succession of bases - continued to attack Japanese garrisons for the duration of the war. The squadrons first permanent deployment after the war, saw 75 squadron personnel, operating RAF Vampire jet fighters, in defence of the Mediterranean island of Malta. After the squadron's return to Australia in 1955, the Vampires were soon replaced by the highly maneuverable Sabre. This popular aircraft was in turn replaced by the supersonic Mirage in August 1965. In 1967, 75 squadron deployed to Malaysia and after sixteen years in Butterworth, returned to Australia. By 1988 the squadron had moved to its present location at Tindal in the Northern Territory, and from here it continues to operate the multi-role F-18 Hornets in the defence of northern Australia.
76 Squadron RAAF
Shortly after forming in Queensland in March 1942, 76 Squadron Kittyhawks deployed to Milne Bay to confront the advancing Japanese. On 24 August, the Japanese invaded Milne Bay. The following battle for Milne Bay was to become one of the most significant battles in the South West Pacific and represents the first land defeat of Japanese forces in the War. The two week battle saw 76 Squadron Kittyhawks flying bombing and strafing operations in support of the desperate Australian diggers - who were slowly but inexorably being pushed back towards the RAAF airstrips. With Australian ground forces contesting every yard and constant air attacks by the Kittyhawk Squadron's, the Australian defenders slowly gained the upper hand. After six days of bloody combat, it was becoming apparent that the Japanese were loosing the battle and pressure on the Australian troops gradually decreased. By September, the first signs that the Japanese were loosing the will to fight was detected and soon Japanese ships under the cover of darkness began embarking troops and equipment. The battle raged on, however, until the evening of 7 September when the last remnants of the Japanese force evacuated Milne Bay. Having played a vital part in the Australian victory, an exhausted 76 Squadron withdrew to Australia where it re-grouped at Potshot, Western Australia in 1943. Sadly, it was while the squadron was based at Potshot, that it lost one of its most colourful officers and the RAAF's second highest scoring ace pilot, when Squadron Leader Truscott was killed in a flying accident. After being re-equipped with new Kittyhawks in May, the squadron returned to combat operations at Goodenough Island - to the north of New Guinea. A succession of moves saw the squadron operating from a number of Pacific Island bases, until its final wartime deployment to Labuan - where the Squadron supported the invasion of Borneo. After the war, 76 Squadron was re-equipped with Mustangs and deployed to Japan for duty with the British Commonwealth Occupation Force. On its return to Australia in 1948, 76 Squadron pilots converted to Vampire jet fighters, before deploying to Malta in 1952 to join NATO forces in the Mediterranean area. From 1960, 76 Squadron was based at RAAF Williamtown New South Wales operating Australian-built Sabres. In 1966 the squadron entered the supersonic age when it began operations with the French designed/Australian built Mirage. The squadron's fighter role came to an end with the replacement of the Mirage by the Macchi jet trainer in 1989. This aircraft provides jet experience for pilots selected for duty with the RAAF Hornet squadrons. In addition to its training role, 76 Squadron also operated specially converted PC-9 aircraft in forward air control operations.
77 Squadron RAAF
Equipped with Kittyhawk fighters 77 Squadron formed in Western Australia in March 1942, moving to the Northern Territory in August. During the Squadrons defence of Darwin, Squadron Leader Cresswell made the first enemy 'kill' over Australian soil when he shot down a Japanese bomber over Darwin. February 1943 saw 77 Squadron join 75 and 76 Squadron in the defence of Milne Bay. Soon after its arrival, sixty five Japanese aircraft raided Milne Bay and were engaged by fifteen Kittyhawks from both 77 and 75 squadrons. In the ensuing combat four bombers and two fighters were shot down and a further five bombers probably destroyed for the loss of one Kittyhawk. After deploying to Goodenough Island in June, 77 Squadron flew fighter escort missions for bombers attacking Gasmata. A succession of moves saw the Squadron in Labuan in the last months of the War, from where it was deployed to Japan to participate in the Allied occupation force of that country. On 25 June 1950, 77 Squadron was committed to support United Nation forces in Korea. With the Squadron's deployment, Australia became the first United Nations member, outside the United States, to conduct combat operations in the defence of South Korea. The Squadrons Mustangs were used extensively in the close support and interdiction roles, striking Communist targets both south and north of the 38th parallel. In April 1951 77 Squadron was re-equipped with Meteor jet fighters. The Australians gained their first confirmed MiG "kill" on 1 December when twelve Meteors were engaged by over fifty MiG 15s over Pyongyang. For the destruction of one MiG the squadron lost three Meteors with a further two damaged. This encounter highlighted the MiG's superiority in aerial combat, and as a result, the Meteor's were confined to ground attack operations. In this role, the Meteors took a considerable toll on North Korean and Chinese ground forces, however, the Squadron suffered heavily at the hands of the MiG's and anti-aircraft units. By the end of hostilities in July 1953, 77 squadron had lost thirty eight aircrew, with another seven captured by the enemy. Equipped with Australian-built Sabres in November 1956, the Squadron was soon deployed from its base at Williamtown to Malaya, in support of Commonwealth forces engaged in anti-terrorist operations. The Sabres flew a few ground attack missions against jungle covered targets before the "Malayan Emergency" was officially concluded in mid-1960. Remaining at Butterworth during the period of "Confrontation" with Indonesia, the squadron provided a vital air defence capability for the region during this period of instability. Returning to Williamtown in early 1969, the squadron converted to the Mirage supersonic fighter, and with this superb aircraft participated in numerous air defence exercises both within Australia and overseas. By 1987, after a short period operating Macchi jet trainers 77 Squadron was re-equipped with the FA-18 multi-role fighters. With these highly capable aircraft, 77 Squadron operates in the both air defence and ground attack roles and remains at the forefront of Australia's air defence. The Squadron also now operates specially converted PC-9 aircraft in the forward air control role.
78 Squadron RAAF
78 Squadron, equipped with Kittyhawks, formed at Camden in New South Wales in July 1943. Operational by October, the Unit moved to Kiriwina Island in November, where the squadron provided bomber escort and ground attack missions, against targets around Gasmata. A succession of moves bought the Squadron to Hollandia where the unit fought the RAAF's last major air combat of the Pacific War - on 3 June 1944, sixteen Kittyhawks attacked a formation of twelve fighters and three dive bombers. For the loss of one aircraft, the Kittyhawks claimed nine enemy aircraft destroyed and six damaged. Subsequent moves took the Unit to Noemfoor, Moratai and finally Tarakan where the squadron continued its ground attack operations until the end of the war. After returning to Australia in December 1945, the squadron operated Mustangs for a short period until its disbandment in April 1948.
79 Squadron RAAF
Formed at Laverton Victoria in April 1943, 79 Squadron deployed to Goodenough Island two months later. The squadrons Spitfires conducted fighter sweeps and bomber escorts for the remainder of the year, recording three confirmed enemy 'kills'. In 1944 the squadron's flying operations intensified, however, mechanical failure and crash landings on the water logged landing strip, resulted in the loss of a number of aircraft and pilots during this period. In January 1945, 79 Squadron moved south to Darwin but was in action a month later on the island of Moratai. After Japan's surrender the squadron moved to Queensland where it disbanded on 12 November 1945. Reforming in 1962, 79 Squadron proceeded to Ubon, Thailand where it was to help resist an expected invasion of Thailand by North Vietnamese forces. Although no attack eventuated, the squadron's Sabres were kept fully armed, maintaining a state of constant operational readiness. After five years in Thailand 79 squadron was disbanded, however 18 years later, the squadron reformed for a short period at Butterworth Malaysia, following 3 Squadrons return to Australia for re-equipping with FA-18 Hornets. Equipped with Mirage jet fighters 79 Squadron participated in numerous air defence exercises and represented the RAAF's last permanent fighter presence in Malaysia. 79 Squadron disbanded for the last time on 30 June 1988. The Squadron was reformed in 1998 and is now located at RAAF Base Pearce, WA. The Squadron operates Macchi aircraft and runs conversion courses for newly graduated pilots from No. 2 Flying Training School and pilots converting to fast jets from other RAAF Squadrons.
80 Squadron RAAF
Equipped with Kittyhawks, 80 Squadron formed at Townsville Queensland in September 1943. The Unit deployed to Nadzab in New Guinea beginning combat operations in February 1944. 80 Squadron operated from a secession of bases throughout the South West Pacific, participating mainly in ground attack operations. In April 1944, the squadron was deployed to Aitape to cover the allied landing at Hollandia and provided air support for subsequent landings at Wakde and Biak. Following these operations, 80 squadron aircraft remained grounded at Moratai during the allied landings at Tarakan - an action that caused considerable dismay amongst the squadrons pilots. After Tarakan the squadron flew close support missions for the Army until the Japanese surrender four months later. 80 Squadron returned to Australia in December 1945 and disbanded at Deniliquin New South Wales in July the following year.
82 Squadron RAAF
Initially equipped with Kittyhawk and Airacobra fighters, 82 Squadron formed at Bankstown New South Wales in June 1943. In May 1944, 82 Squadron relocated to Ross River airfield near Townsville where the squadron participated in training exercise with Army units until its redeployment to New Guinea in August. Soon after their arrival, 82 Squadron flew its first combat mission bombing and strafing targets at Sorong. Ground attack operations as well as barge sweeps along the New Guinea coast became the focus of the squadrons efforts for the next six months. In 1945 the Squadron moved to Moratai, from where it flew convoy patrols around Borneo and assisted ground forces in operations against by-passed Japanese garrisons. June 1945 saw 82 Squadron operating from Labuan Island providing close air support to Australian troops during the Borneo operations. 82 Squadron's most successful strike during this period occurred in mid August when several Kittyhawks caught Japanese aircraft about to take off from Kuching airfield. Four enemy aircraft were destroyed and two others damaged before the fighters turned their attention to barge traffic on the Sarawak River. Almost as soon as hostilities ceased 82 Squadron was informed that it would form part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force which was to garrison of a defeated Japan. The Unit converted to Mustangs and in March 1946, moved to Bofu in Japan. 82 Squadron was engaged on surveillance patrols over Japan until it was disbanded at Iwakuni on 22 October 1948.
83 Squadron RAAF
83 Squadron formed at Strathpine Queensland in February 1943 and began defensive patrols over Brisbane with Airacobra and Boomerangs fighters. Although its complement called for 337 personnel, the squadron was initially required to operate and maintain its 23 aircraft with only 10 officers and 27 airmen. 83 Squadron deployed to Melville Island for a month, before returning to the Queensland mainland in January 1944, where the units Boomerangs continued to provide fighter cover for Allied shipping. 83 Squadron moved to New South Wales in August 1944, and following a final move to Menangle, the Squadr